- DA — Direct Action
- Short-duration strikes and small-scale offensive actions to seize, destroy, or capture specific targets.
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- DA Form 1355-1-R
- Department of the Army Form 1355-1-R — the standard Minefield Record. Mandatory for any hasty protective minefield (HPMF) emplacement; records pattern, fuze type, anti-handling status, and recovery responsibility.
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- Diagram
- DAC — Digital-to-Analog Converter
- A device that converts digital samples into a continuous analog waveform, e.g. for waveform generation.
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- DACAS — Digitally Aided Close Air Support
- The use of digital data links to speed and improve the coordination of close air support.
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- DAMA — Demand Assigned Multiple Access
- A scheme dynamically allocating satellite bandwidth to terminals only when they have traffic.
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- DAS — Debris Assessment Software
- NASA tool for evaluating a mission's compliance with orbital debris mitigation requirements.
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- DAST — Dynamic Application Security Testing
- Black-box security testing of a running application — fuzzes HTTP endpoints, checks for OWASP Top 10 classes, confirms exploitability rather than just presence. Complements SAST: catches runtime bugs and config errors that static analysis can't see.
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- DiagramTry it: Software Testing GuideTry it: Cyber Warfare Guide
- Dawn-Dusk Orbit
- A sun-synchronous orbit aligned along the terminator (day-night boundary), maximising solar illumination on solar panels while minimising thermal cycling.
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- dB — Decibel
- A logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of two power or amplitude quantities.
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- dBc — Decibel relative to carrier
- The power of a signal component expressed in decibels relative to the carrier power.
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- dBd — Decibel-dipole
- Antenna gain expressed in decibels relative to a half-wave dipole antenna.
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- DBF — Diesel Boats Forever
- A traditional submariner slogan honoring the diesel-electric submarine community.
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- dBi — Decibel-isotropic
- Antenna gain expressed in decibels relative to an ideal isotropic radiator.
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- dBm — Decibel-milliwatts
- A power level expressed in decibels relative to one milliwatt.
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- DBS — Doppler Beam Sharpening
- Radar technique improving azimuth resolution.
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- dBW — Decibel-watts
- A power level expressed in decibels relative to one watt.
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- DC — Duty Cycle
- The fraction of time a radar transmitter is active, equal to pulse width times pulse repetition frequency.
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- DCA — Defensive Counter-Air
- All defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy air and missile forces attempting to attack friendly forces or penetrate friendly airspace.
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- DCAA — Defense Contract Audit Agency
- The DoD agency that performs contract audits and provides financial advisory services on contracts.
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- DCGS — Distributed Common Ground System
- A family of systems that tasks sensors and processes intelligence into a shared, distributed enterprise.
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- DCM — Direction Cosine Matrix
- A 3x3 rotation matrix representing spacecraft orientation between two reference frames.
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- DCMA — Defense Contract Management Agency
- The DoD agency that administers contracts and ensures suppliers meet cost, schedule, and quality.
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- DCO — Defensive Cyber Operations
- Actions taken in and through cyberspace to protect own networks, systems, and data. Includes network monitoring, intrusion detection, and incident response.
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- DD — Destroyer
- A fast, maneuverable surface warship intended to escort larger vessels and screen against threats.
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- DDG — Guided Missile Destroyer
- Arleigh Burke-class (DDG-51) is the US Navy's primary surface combatant with Aegis combat system, SPY-1/SPY-6 radar, and 90-96 VLS cells for SM-2/3/6, Tomahawk, and ESSM.
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- DDOR — Delta-Differential One-way Ranging
- A deep-space navigation technique measuring angular position by comparing signals received at two widely separated antennas.
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- DDoS — Distributed Denial of Service
- A cyberattack that overwhelms a target with a flood of traffic from multiple distributed sources, rendering it unavailable. Volumetric attacks can exceed 1 Tbps.
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- 2D animationTry it: Cyber Warfare GuideTry it: Homeland Security Fundamentals
- DDS — Dry Deck Shelter
- A submersible chamber mounted on a submarine to launch and recover divers and their craft.
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- DEAD — Destruction of Enemy Air Defences
- Permanent neutralisation of adversary integrated air defense elements through kinetic or non-kinetic means. Distinguished from SEAD which is temporary suppression.
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- DiagramTry it: Mil Ops Degraded EnvironmentsTry it: Joint Ops GuideTry it: Defense Missions Guide+1 more
- Dead Reckoning
- The process of estimating current position from a known prior position plus measured course, speed, and elapsed time. Subject to cumulative error; used as a backup when positioning aids are unavailable.
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- DiagramTry it: Mil Ops Degraded EnvironmentsTry it: Ttps GuideTry it: Military Doctrine Guide+1 more
- Debris Mitigation Guidelines
- International standards (IADC, UN COPUOS) requiring operators to limit orbital debris generation, passivate spacecraft at end of life, and deorbit LEO satellites within 25 years.
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- 3D modelTry it: Space Fundamentals GuideTry it: Ssa GuideTry it: Space Standards Guide
- Decision Matrix
- A structured comparison technique that scores options against weighted criteria. Variants: Pugh matrix (relative scoring against a baseline), AHP (pairwise weights via consistency check). Forces criteria-explicitness; reduces hidden bias.
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- DiagramTry it: Pathways To Space Strategic GuideTry it: Purchase Method AdvisorTry it: Mil Ops Degraded Environments+1 more
- Decision Tree
- A branching diagram showing decisions, chance events, and outcomes with associated probabilities and payoffs. Solved by rolling back from leaves using expected-value calculations. Foundation of decision analysis under uncertainty.
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- DiagramTry it: Joint Ops GuideTry it: Cbrn Defense GuideTry it: Space Remote Sensing Guide+1 more
- Decision-Making
- The cognitive and procedural process of selecting among alternatives. Frameworks range from intuitive (Klein's recognition-primed decision) to fully analytical (decision analysis with utility theory). Most operational decisions blend both modes.
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- DiagramTry it: Leadership Influence GuideTry it: Cultural Transformation SimulatorTry it: Defense Fundamentals Guide+1 more
- Decomposition
- The systems-engineering practice of breaking a complex requirement, function, or product into smaller, more manageable components. Drives the work-breakdown structure (WBS), the requirements hierarchy, and the integration plan.
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- DiagramTry it: Space Systems EngineeringTry it: Waterfall Test GuideTry it: Software Testing Guide+1 more
- DECON — Decontamination
- The process of reducing or removing chemical, biological, or radiological contamination from personnel and equipment.
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- Deconfliction
- The procedural separation of friendly forces, weapons, or sensors in time, space, or frequency to prevent fratricide or interference. Airspace deconfliction, fires deconfliction, and EMS deconfliction are routine joint-planning subtasks.
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- DiagramTry it: Mil Ops Degraded EnvironmentsTry it: Ttps GuideTry it: Cultural Transformation Simulator+1 more
- Decontamination
- The process of removing or neutralizing CBRN contamination from personnel, equipment, and terrain. Three levels: immediate (self-aid within minutes), operational (mission-essential equipment), and thorough (comprehensive restoration in rear areas).
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- Decoy
- A device designed to attract enemy fire or ISR attention away from a real platform. Includes inflatable decoys, electronic decoys emitting platform-like signatures, and towed radar decoys.
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- DiagramTry it: Ew GuideTry it: Defense Spectrum MapTry it: Cyber Warfare Guide+1 more
- Dedicated Launch
- A launch procured exclusively for a single customer's payload(s), providing full control over orbit selection, schedule, and mission assurance requirements.
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- DiagramTry it: Pathways To Space Strategic GuideTry it: Space Fundamentals Guide
- DEF-STAN — UK Defence Standard
- UK Ministry of Defence standards covering material, process, and quality requirements for defence equipment. DEF-STAN 00-970 (airworthiness), DEF-STAN 05-135 (supplier assurance), and DEF-STAN 00-56 (safety management) are the most widely cited.
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- Diagram
- Degraded Operations
- Conducting the mission with partial or no access to expected enablers (GPS, comms, space ISR). Requires pre-planned fallback TTPs, analog back-ups, and training to execute without automation.
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- DiagramTry it: Mil Ops Degraded Environments
- Deliberate Breach
- Fully planned breach operation conducted with complete SOSRA organisation and a minimum 3:1 suppression ratio. Used when reconnaissance, time, and combat power allow detailed planning. Contrast with In-Stride Breach.
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- Diagram
- Delphi Method
- A structured communication technique for SME consensus validation. Experts respond to questions in iterative rounds with anonymous feedback from earlier rounds shared between iterations. Reduces groupthink and anchoring bias in TTP validation panels.
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- DiagramTry it: Ttps Guide
- Delta-v
- The change in velocity required for an orbital manoeuvre, measured in m/s or km/s. The fundamental currency of space mission design — determines propellant mass via the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.
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- Delta-V Budget
- A bookkeeping estimate of the total velocity change required across all mission phases — orbit insertion, station-keeping, manoeuvres, disposal. Sized with margin to cover dispersions and off-nominal operations.
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- Diagram
- DEM — Digital Elevation Model
- A gridded digital representation of terrain surface elevation.
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- DEMON — Detection of Envelope Modulation on Noise
- A passive-sonar technique that extracts propeller shaft and blade rate from the modulation of broadband ship noise.
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- Deorbit
- Controlled reentry maneuver to remove a spacecraft from orbit. For LEO: retrograde burn to lower perigee into atmosphere. Required within 25 years by debris mitigation guidelines.
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- Deployment Mechanism
- Mechanical systems (hinges, springs, shape-memory alloy actuators) that unfold stowed components (solar arrays, antennas, booms) after launch. Single-point failures requiring extensive testing.
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- DES — Data Encryption Standard
- The first standardised symmetric encryption algorithm (1977). Uses a 56-bit key and 16-round Feistel network on 64-bit blocks. Broken by brute force in 1998; replaced by AES. Triple DES (3DES) applies DES three times for extended security.
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- 2D animationTry it: Encryption GuideTry it: Male Uav Gcs
- Descending Node
- The point in an orbit where the satellite crosses the equatorial plane from north to south. For sun-synchronous orbits this typically occurs in the local afternoon; for retrograde orbits the AN/DN convention is maintained.
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- 3D modelTry it: Smad Orbit VisualizerTry it: Space Fundamentals GuideTry it: Leop Commissioning Guide+1 more
- Design Contest
- A procurement procedure where competing teams submit design concepts, and one or more are selected for development. Common in architectural, industrial design, and some aerospace programmes where form is primary.
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- Diagram
- DEW — Directed Energy Weapon
- Weapon systems using concentrated electromagnetic energy (laser) or particle beams to damage or destroy targets. Offer near-instantaneous engagement and deep magazines.
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- DF — Direction Finding
- Determination of the bearing to a radio or radar emitter from one or more receiving stations.
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- DFAC — Dining Facility
- A military facility where meals are prepared and served to service members.
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- DFARS — Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement
- The Department of Defense supplement to the FAR governing defense procurement.
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- DFIR — Digital Forensics and Incident Response
- Discipline combining forensic investigation with incident response to analyze and contain breaches.
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- DHCP — Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- A protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and network settings to hosts.
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- DI — Directivity Index
- A measure of how much an array concentrates its response in a preferred direction, improving signal-to-noise ratio.
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- DIAL — Differential Absorption Lidar
- A lidar technique using two wavelengths to measure the concentration of a specific atmospheric gas.
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- DICASS — Directional Command Activated Sonobuoy System
- An active sonobuoy that transmits on command to provide range and bearing to submerged contacts.
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- DIFAR — Directional Frequency Analysis and Recording
- A passive directional sonobuoy that provides bearing to underwater acoustic contacts.
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- Diffie-Hellman
- The first published public-key key-exchange protocol (1976). Allows two parties to establish a shared secret over an insecure channel without prior shared keys, based on the discrete logarithm problem.
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- DiagramTry it: Encryption Guide
- Digital Thread
- An integrated data framework connecting design, manufacturing, test, and sustainment data throughout the product lifecycle. Enables traceability and model-based decision-making.
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- 2D animationTry it: Digital Procurement
- Digital Twin
- A virtual replica of a physical system continuously updated with real-time data. Enables predictive analysis, testing, and operational optimisation.
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- DiagramTry it: Digital ProcurementTry it: Aerospace Defense Industry GuideTry it: Waterfall Test Guide+1 more
- DIRCM — Directional Infrared Countermeasures
- A system that defeats heat-seeking missiles by directing a jamming laser at the incoming missile’s seeker.
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- Direction Finding
- Locating an emitter by measuring the bearing from one or more passive receivers. Techniques: amplitude comparison, phase interferometry, time-difference-of-arrival. Foundation of ELINT and SIGINT geolocation.
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- 3D modelTry it: Radar SystemsTry it: Ew GuideTry it: Aerospace Defense Industry Guide+1 more
- Disaggregation
- Force design principle that distributes mission functions across many smaller, cheaper, replaceable platforms instead of few exquisite ones. Applied to space (Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture) and air (CCA) to raise targeting cost and preserve degraded-mode capability.
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- DiagramTry it: Mil Ops Degraded EnvironmentsTry it: Space Fundamentals GuideTry it: Military Doctrine Guide+1 more
- DISCOS — Database and Information System Characterising Objects in Space
- ESA's reference database of launch, orbit, and physical data for cataloged space objects.
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- Disruption
- A shift caused by new technology, business model, or actor that displaces incumbents (Christensen, 1997). In defence: low-cost UAVs disrupting expensive airpower; commercial reusable launch disrupting government LV monopoly.
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- DiagramTry it: Joint Ops GuideTry it: Career Path SimulatorTry it: Pnt Guide+1 more
- Disturbance Torque
- External torques perturbing spacecraft attitude — solar radiation pressure, gravity gradient, residual magnetic moment, aerodynamic. Each scales differently with altitude. Sets the actuator sizing and momentum-management cadence (e.g. weekly desat for reaction wheels).
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- 3D modelTry it: Leop Commissioning GuideTry it: Space Environment Effects GuideTry it: Space Fundamentals Guide
- DIVARTY — Division Artillery
- The Army headquarters that coordinates and directs field artillery fires in support of a division.
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- Division
- A military formation of 10,000–20,000 personnel combining multiple brigades plus supporting arms. In most Western armies, the largest formation optimised for combined-arms manoeuvre warfare.
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- DiagramTry it: Ttps GuideTry it: Orbat GuideTry it: Aerospace Defense Industry Guide+1 more
- DIW — Dead in the Water
- A ship stopped with no way on and no propulsion, drifting with wind and current.
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- DLA — Defense Logistics Agency
- The U.S. combat support agency providing supply chain management for the military services.
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- DLP — Data Loss Prevention
- Controls and tools that detect and prevent unauthorized transfer or exfiltration of sensitive data.
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- DME — Distance Measuring Equipment
- Radio aid giving slant-range distance to a ground station.
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- DMSMS — Diminishing Manufacturing Sources and Material Shortages
- The loss of manufacturers or suppliers for items needed to sustain weapon systems. A major driver of midlife upgrade and technology refresh programs.
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- DiagramTry it: Purchase Method Advisor
- DMZ — Demilitarized Zone
- Isolated network segment that exposes external-facing services while shielding the internal network.
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- DN — Digital Number
- The raw quantized pixel value output by an imaging sensor before radiometric calibration.
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- DNBI — Disease and Non-Battle Injury
- Illnesses and injuries not resulting from enemy action, a major driver of medical losses in operations.
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- DNS — Domain Name System
- The hierarchical naming system that resolves human-readable domain names to IP addresses.
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- DO-178 — DO-178C Software Considerations in Airborne Systems
- RTCA standard for safety-critical avionics software, replacing DO-178B in 2011. Defines five Design Assurance Levels (A–E) by failure-condition severity, with progressively stricter coverage and documentation requirements.
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- DiagramTry it: Aerodef Standards Guide
- DO-178C
- RTCA's Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification — the de facto standard for certification of airborne software. Defines Design Assurance Levels A–E based on failure consequences.
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- DiagramTry it: Software Testing GuideTry it: Aerodef Standards GuideTry it: Space Standards Guide+1 more
- DO-254
- RTCA's Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware — the hardware counterpart to DO-178C. Applies to complex electronic hardware (ASICs, FPGAs) in certified avionics.
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- DiagramTry it: Aerodef Standards GuideTry it: Software Testing GuideTry it: Career Path Simulator
- DoA — Direction of Arrival
- The estimated angle from which a received radio signal impinges on an antenna array.
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- Doctrine
- Fundamental principles by which military forces guide their actions. NATO AAP-47, US JP 1, and service-specific publications define the authoritative doctrine. Distinguishes from policy (what we do) and tactics (how we fight a specific situation).
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- DiagramTry it: Military Doctrine GuideTry it: Defense Fundamentals GuideTry it: Ttps Guide+1 more
- DoD — Depth of Discharge
- Fraction of battery capacity withdrawn; key to battery life budgeting.
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- DODAAC — Department of Defense Activity Address Code
- A six-character code identifying a unit or activity for requisitioning, shipping, and billing.
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- DODD — Department of Defense Directive
- A DoD issuance that establishes broad policy and assigns overall responsibilities.
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- DODI — Department of Defense Instruction
- A DoD issuance that implements policy and assigns responsibilities for a specific subject.
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- DODIN — Department of Defense Information Network
- The globally interconnected set of DoD information capabilities including communications, computing systems, and services for processing, storing, and transporting DoD information.
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- 3D modelTry it: Military Doctrine GuideTry it: Cyber Warfare GuideTry it: Modern Warfare Guide
- DOORS — Dynamic Object-Oriented Requirements System
- IBM Engineering Requirements Management tool (formerly Telelogic). De facto standard in defense and aerospace for capturing, decomposing, and tracing requirements with change control and cross-module linking. Successor DOORS Next is the modern offering.
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- DiagramTry it: Software Testing GuideTry it: Leadership Influence GuideTry it: Space Systems Engineering+1 more
- DOP — Dilution of Precision
- A measure of how satellite geometry degrades the accuracy of a navigation position fix.
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- Doppler — Doppler Shift
- Frequency change caused by relative motion between satellite and ground station. Used for velocity measurement and must be compensated in comms.
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- Doppler Shift
- The change in frequency of a signal due to relative motion between transmitter and receiver. Used in satellite tracking, orbit determination, and FDOA geolocation.
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- DORA Metrics
- Four Key Metrics from the Google DORA programme — deployment frequency, lead time for changes, change failure rate, mean time to restore — that empirically correlate with engineering-team performance. Basis for the State of DevOps report.
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- Diagram
- DoS — Denial of Service
- Attack that renders a system or service unavailable to legitimate users by exhausting resources.
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- DOTMLPF — Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership, Personnel, Facilities
- Capability development framework dimensions.
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- DOTMLPF-P — Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership, Personnel, Facilities, Policy
- A comprehensive framework for analyzing military capability requirements across eight dimensions. Ensures capability solutions consider all aspects beyond just materiel procurement.
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- DiagramTry it: Military Doctrine Guide
- Downlink
- The communication path from a satellite to a ground station. Downlink frequency, data rate, and modulation scheme are key parameters in link budget analysis.
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- DOY — Day of Year
- A day count from 1 to 365/366 commonly used in TLE epochs and spacecraft timekeeping.
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- DP — Decision Point
- A point in space and time where the commander anticipates making a key decision concerning a course of action.
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- DPR — Device Pixel Ratio
- Ratio of physical pixels to CSS pixels on the display.
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- DQPSK — Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
- A QPSK variant that encodes data in phase changes, easing carrier recovery.
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- DR — Dead Reckoning
- Estimating position from a known start point using course, speed and elapsed time.
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- Drag (Atmospheric)
- The decelerating force on a spacecraft due to interaction with residual atmospheric particles. Dominant perturbation below ~600 km altitude; causes orbital decay and re-entry.
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- DRFM — Digital Radio Frequency Memory
- An electronic warfare technique that digitally captures incoming radar pulses, stores them, and retransmits modified copies with altered range, velocity, or angle information to deceive the radar tracker.
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- DRI — Detection, Recognition, Identification
- The three standard task levels for assessing imaging-sensor range performance against a target.
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- DRO — Digital Regenerative Onboard processing
- Onboard demodulation and remodulation of signals to improve link performance and enable routing.
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- DRRS — Defense Readiness Reporting System
- The DoD system used to measure and report the readiness of military units and organizations.
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- DSA — Dynamic Spectrum Access
- A cognitive radio technique enabling opportunistic use of spectrum by sensing and avoiding occupied channels. Enables radar and communication systems to share spectrum.
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- 2D animationTry it: Encryption Guide
- DSACEUR — Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe
- The deputy to SACEUR, traditionally a European officer, supporting command of NATO operations.
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- DSCA — Defense Support of Civil Authorities
- US military support to domestic civilian authorities during disasters, emergencies, and special events. Governed by 10 USC and JP 3-28, constrained by the Posse Comitatus Act. Military supports but does not replace civilian authority.
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- DiagramTry it: Orbat GuideTry it: Cbrn Defense GuideTry it: Ootw Guide Simulator
- DSCP — Differentiated Services Code Point
- A 6-bit IP header field marking packets for per-hop QoS treatment.
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- DSCS — Defense Satellite Communications System
- A legacy US military X-band wideband satellite communications constellation.
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- DSM — Digital Surface Model
- A digital elevation representation that includes surface features such as buildings and vegetation.
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- DSN — Deep Space Network
- NASA's worldwide network of large antennas (Goldstone, Madrid, Canberra) that communicate with interplanetary spacecraft and perform radio science.
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- DSOM — Defensive Scheme of Maneuver
- Commander's plan for the defense — how units, fires, obstacles, and reserves are arrayed in space and time to defeat the enemy in selected engagement areas.
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- Diagram
- DSP — Digital Signal Processing
- Processing of digitized signals to filter, detect, demodulate, or analyze intercepted emissions.
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- DSRV — Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle
- A small submersible designed to rescue crew from a disabled submarine on the seabed.
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- DSSS — Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
- A spread-spectrum technique that multiplies the data signal by a pseudorandom chipping sequence, spreading it over a wider bandwidth. Provides processing gain, jam resistance, and covertness. Used in GPS and CDMA.
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- DiagramTry it: Waveform GeneratorTry it: Tdl GuideTry it: Ew Guide+1 more
- DT — Detection Threshold
- The signal-to-noise ratio at a sonar processor output required to achieve a specified detection performance.
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- DT&E — Developmental Test and Evaluation
- Testing conducted by the developer to verify that design solutions meet specifications and to reduce technical risk before operational testing.
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- DiagramTry it: Aerodef Standards Guide
- DTED — Digital Terrain Elevation Data
- A standard raster format of terrain elevation posts at defined spacings, used for terrain analysis and simulation.
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- DTED0 — Digital Terrain Elevation Data Level 0
- The coarsest standard DTED product, with roughly 900-meter elevation post spacing.
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- DTM — Digital Terrain Model
- A digital representation of the bare-earth terrain surface with surface objects removed.
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- DTN — Delay Tolerant Networking
- A store-and-forward networking architecture designed for the long delays and disruptions of space links.
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- DTOA — Differential Time of Arrival
- Difference in arrival time of a signal between sensor pairs used to compute emitter geolocation.
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- DTRA — Defense Threat Reduction Agency
- The U.S. DoD agency that counters and reduces the threat from weapons of mass destruction.
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- DV — Delta-V
- The change in velocity a spacecraft must impart for a maneuver, the primary measure of propulsive effort.
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- DVB — Digital Video Broadcasting
- A family of open standards for digital television transmission over satellite, cable, and terrestrial.
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- DVB-S2 — Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite Second Generation
- A widely used standard for satellite transmission with adaptive coding and modulation for efficiency.
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- DVB-T — Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial
- A standard for terrestrial digital TV broadcast using COFDM modulation.
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- DWDM — Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
- A WDM technique packing many closely spaced wavelength channels onto a single optical fiber.
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- DWT — Deadweight Tonnage
- A measure of how much weight a ship can safely carry, including cargo, fuel, stores and crew.
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